As do all animals, period. Unfortunately all animals can be stressed to the point of not eating and dying. From fish to people. (The reason I know this I used to captive breed reptiles on a large scale as well as fish. Wild caughts were very hard to acclimate early on even with perfect conditions and big chunky snakes and lizards with no health problems as proven by my vet and eventually myself since I got to the point where I could do/diagnose anything a vet could. They would just go months without eating and eventually die. Having necropsies done after death they weren't diagnoses with anything. Parasites, cancers etc. They died from malnourishment. And I tried offering mice,rats,birds,lizards,guinea pigs etc for the very hard to please feeders. Usually worked but sometimes they just said screw it and starved to death.)
Certainly if a bass was caught multiple times in short period of time I think they could be stressed to the point of starving to death. Perfect example is the Bass Pro Shop catch and release ponds. They stopped biting ANYTHING after about an hour and the staff was just snagging the fish with the hooks. They weren't biting and they hadn't even been feed. Sure that's an extreme scenario but they tried tons of dif bait to get them biting and eventually a couple (probably ones who weren't harassed too much started biting on a different bait) but as a whole their were 100s of fish not biting with empty stomachs.
Again this is an extreme but certainly proves this theory to an extent. I would be interested to see that catch and release pond utilized under proper conditions for a month and no "snagging the fish" and see how many fish died under proper water temps, hiding spots, water conditions (pH etc). I'm sure a small fishery could do a controlled experiment with no problem and give us a real answer. HOWEVER! This would never happen. Because animal rights groups would crack down on fishing and regulate it worse than than it is now. So for us anglers I think it's better to forget about this subject lol.