If you are looking right around St. Peters/St. Louis areas there are some small state maintained lakes. There's also Lake St. Louis in Wentzville but it may be private I'm not sure. If you have a boat and are willing to travel there are some great lakes a few hours drive from St. Louis. Lake of the Ozarks, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, and Norfork just to name a few. Just south of the city is the Meramec River and a little further south is the St. Francois River. Also the Metro area is full of golf courses and most of them will let you fish them as long as it is late afternoon or on Monday's when several courses are closed for maintenance.