I have been Bass Fishing seriously for over 25 years, and I have seen all the trends in the tackle industry, and although their are no absolutes in fishing, here are a few baits and techniqes that will almost always produce if patient and on the right water.....
You need time on the water to get better, and you don't need a ton of tackle although I love to buy lots it regardless, but I always end up throwing the same few baits.......
1- Plastic worm weightless if water is less than 6-10',or with light split shot, or bullet weight under 1/4 oz as most strikes come on the fall regardless of worm...I try to fish with a 1/0-2/0 EWG worm hook from a top brand and I usually start with a black and blue power worm or ribbon tail in 7.5" or 6" or a powerbait finesse worm, trick worm, or senko in 4-5" and if you stick to the basics...Black, Black/Blue, Junebug, Grape, Black Chart, watermelon red, Bama bug.....you are good and can catch bass on a weightless, texas rig, and carolina rig...Learning these rigs are easy for the most part and will always catch fish if you figure out where they are.
2. To locate fish, look for structure, weeds, moving water, or anywhere that looks like a good place to hide and ambush bait if you were a bass. If you are fishing a pond, look at the entire pond or lake before starting and if the shoreline on one side drops off quickly, has rocks, or you see a long flat area, you can assume for the most part the bottom is similar......Fishing shallow is easiest as a beginner IMO and to cover water a Lipless crankbait in 1/4-1/2 oz in Chrome blue back, Craw pattern, and silver chartruese is a lure that will always help find fish and cover water and a spinnerbait will do the same. IF you catch one bass, rarely is that fish hanging out alone.
3- Fish any type of rod you feel comfortable with, but use quality line and try to match line to conditons and unless flipping heavy cover which is not fun as a beginner to learn alone, 10lb or 12lb mono should be heaviest you need to go, but if you can get away with 6lb test you get more strikes.
- Crankbaits are not so easy as people make them out to seem, but a few lures that are a must are a floating rapala or minnow jerkbait in small to medium sizes, natural color and a firetiger pattern, few suspending jerkbaits and always work slower if in doubt, buzzbait, Popping topwater lure like a Rapala Skitter Pop, but worms and grubs by Powerbait, Zoom, strike king, Gambler or any bait you feel matches the forrage base in the water you fish will do the job....and always ask someone who is catching fish for advice. I learn just as much today from taking someone fishing for the first time as I do when I go with someone who fishes high level tournaments. Don't get brainwashed by magazines.....I am guillty of buying lures based on the bait monkey but I am aware I am doing it, and eventually after a few dozen trips, you will have a few favorite lures and methods you always rely on.
I caught 90% of my bass up north by fishing culprit ribbon tails in 7.5" and color was always purple, red shad or black, manns jelly worm, powerbait worms, spinnerbaits, buzzbaits, and topwaters like a torpedo and Rebel Pop'r....One of my fishing partners I have fished with for 20 plus years and is now in Florida with me still only brings a few bags of culprit worms, powerbait, and a 4" grub in smoke which he swims on a jighead, pitches on a texas rig, or uses them as trailers to spinnerbaits. He rigs all worms with a 3/0 Mr. Twister Keeper hook and he does well. He brings 2 spinning rods, and a baitcaster which only I grab when we fish.
Hope that helps....I love trying crazy methods, tinkering with rigs, new techinques, and never be afraid to trust your gut and do something others would most likely never try......Sombody thought of the wacky rig and the Sluggo/Senko......